Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. 2010;39:67594. . Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Biochem J. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. 2007;210:63544. Clinics. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Qiao et al. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Sci STKE. California Privacy Statement, Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. PLoS One. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Cite this article. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. 2014;53:22230. Nat Med. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Xiong et al. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Dasdag et al. 2011;107:35661. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Megha et al. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Neurobiol Learn Mem. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Google Scholar. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Wang Q, Cao Z. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. 2010;473:525. 2005;22:32931. Neurosci Lett. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 1992;6:379. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Bioelectromagnetics. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Neurobiol Learn Mem. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare 2008;49:16370. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. 2000;11:4135. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. The conclusions are shown in Table3. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Int J Epidemiol. Gold PE. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. 2000;284:30017. Professor, Asst Director at VIT Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. 2015;36:4804. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Terms and Conditions, Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Mil Med Sci. 2012;62:22336. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. 2014;9:e95503. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. 1994;15:95104. Phot J. J Pharm Sci. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Am J Epidemiol. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. 2017;52:23947. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. 2005;130:591600. 2008;29:52738. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Cobb et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Motawi et al. J Radiat Proc. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. 1 Microwave Theory and Techniqes | PDF | Microwave - Scribd Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Mack et al. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. 2013;17:711. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 1999;4:102. PDF What effects do mobile phones have on people's health? statement and Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Iran J Public Health. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Neurol Sci. (PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Behav Brain Res. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Google Scholar. Brain Res. 2006;27:11926. Bioelectromagnetics. 2000;6:18793. Sci Total Environ. Google Scholar. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Correspondence to Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Int J Occup Environ Health. 2009;63:10106. daily life. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Toxicol Sci. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. 2006;27:16471. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. 2010;1347:17985. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. 2002;13:11921. Front Neurosci. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). 2008;86:718. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Chin J Indus Hyg. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Synapse. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. J Electromagnet Anal. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. PubMed Central Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Article After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Verma et al. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Mol Neurobiol. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Springer Nature. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Cell Biochem Biophys. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. 1997;44:99104. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels.
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