famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. . families living together in hamlets. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." T(h)uri Kumam This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. 2.4. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth ." POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Due to its central location and the close The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". p. 41). Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. 1679-1914." The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Ocheng, D. O. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. PDF Publications | International IDEA When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Sociopolitical organization - Acholi Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! Orientation The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Wright, A. C. A. The insurgency's military. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. . and tributes paid to them. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Land Tenure. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Orientation Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. The Population Geography of Acholi District. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. At its peak in 2005 over In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com Domestic Unit. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. It does not store any personal data. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; 23 Feb. 2023 . for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. Much of that hierarchy continued Social Control. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital authority of a district commissioner. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Political Organization. into the independence era. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Religion of the Central Luo. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Politics has been around for millennia. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion Medicine. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Marriage. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. Luo peoples - Wikipedia Acholi - Minority Rights Group other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. against the central government. Movement. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. B. Webster, eds. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Acholi | Encyclopedia.com Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. (1955). Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. Kinship Terminology. political organisation of the acholi Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. Arts. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. million first language speakers at the time. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. It is Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Orientation administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. Corrections? Political Organization. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. 2008. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. "Land Tenure in Acholi." Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Okot p'Bitek (1963). In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna.
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